[Scientific production in Scopus on financial health: period 2011-2022]. / Producción científica en Scopus sobre salud financiera: periodo 2011-2022.

INTRODUCTION: Financial health is related to the overall health of an individual and their family. The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific production on financial health in the Scopus database for the 2011-2022 period. METHOD: Scoping review of manuscripts published in journals indexed in the Scopus database between the years 2011 and 2022. The following search terms were used: "Financial obligations", "financial inclusion", "family economy", "financial education", "financial literacy", "financial wellness" and "financial stress", which were entered in the Scopus search engine together with the Boolean operators (AND, OR).  Results: A total of 6 940 publications were identified, of which 81.95% were original articles. The United States was the country with the highest scientific production (35.5%). We identified a trend of increasing number of papers during the study period, especially from 2016 onward, with an 860% increase in 2022 (n=1429) with respect to 2011 (n=165). The journals with the highest number of publications were Sustainability (Switzerland) and the Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning (USA). Finally, the key search terms with the greatest yield were "financial inclusion" through the use of technology, "financial stress", "financial education" and "financial health." CONCLUSIONS: Research on financial health has increased significantly. The new knowledge on the subject is mostly driven by authors and institutions from the United States, and finally, there is evidence of an increasing trend of pulbications related to financial inclusion and financial education.

Introducción: La salud financiera, determinada en buena parte por el salario, está estrechamente relacionada a la salud global del individuo y su familia. Por ello se tuvo como objetivo evaluar la producción científica sobre salud financiera en la base de datos Scopus: periodo 2011 - 2022. Método: Scoping review en la que se analizaron manuscritos publicados en revistas indexadas en la base de datos Scopus entre los años 2011 - 2022. Para la búsqueda se utilizó descriptores tales como financial obligations, financial inclusion, family economy, financial education, financial literacy, financial wellness y financial stress. Se realizó una síntesis narrativa. Resultados: Se incluyeron 6 940 manuscritos, de los cuales el 82,0% eran artículos originales. Se observó un crecimiento constante del número de artículos a lo largo del periodo de estudio, especialmente a partir de 2016, con un incremento del 860% en 2022 (n = 1429) respecto a 2011 (n=165). Estados Unidos fue el país con mayor producción científica. Las revistas con mayor número de publicaciones fueron Sustainability (Suiza) y el Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning (EEUU). Entre los descriptores de mayor impacto se encuentran la inclusión financiera a través del uso de la tecnología, estrés financiero, educación financiera y salud financiera. Conclusiones: La investigación sobre salud financiera ha tenido un aumento significativo. El nuevo conocimiento sobre el tema es impulsado por autores e instituciones de Estados Unidos en su mayoría, y finalmente, se evidencian tendencias de estudio relacionadas a la inclusión y educación financiera.

Adaptación y validación de la Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) en una muestra de quechua hablantes peruanos

Introducción: El Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) es una medida de autoinforme ultrabreve de síntomas depresivos y ansiosos. El PHQ-4 no ha sido adaptado ni validado en la población quechua hablante. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar y validar el PHQ-4 en una muestra de población peruana quechua hablante en su variante Collao de Puno-Perú. Metodología: Participaron 221 personas hablantes de quechua variante collao (promedio de edad de 31,2 años, SD = 11,7, 47,1 % hombres y 52,9 % mujeres). Se evaluó la evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna, mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA), la fiabilidad con el método de consistencia interna y las características de dificultad y discriminación de los ítems en base a la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (IRT). Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que todos los ítems del PHQ-4 son relevantes, coherentes y claros para representar adecuadamente los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión. El resultado del AFC apoyó un modelo unifactorial, donde los ítems de ansiedad y depresión conforman una sola variable latente con una fiabilidad alta. Todos los ítems del PHQ-4 presentas buenos parámetros de discriminación y los parámetros de dificultad indican que los ítems son comparativamente difíciles. Por lo tanto, se necesita una mayor presencia del rasgo latente (ansiedad y depresión) para responder las categorías de respuesta más altas. Discusión: En conclusión, la PHQ-4 presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas como una medida de detección primaria rápida, confiable y válida para personas quechuahablantes que necesitan una evaluación profunda, monitoreo de los síntomas para diagnóstico y tratamiento para la ansiedad o depresión.

Introduction: The Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) is an ultra-brief self-report measure of depression and anxiety symptoms. The PHQ-4 has not been adapted or validated in the Quechua-speaking population. Objective: This study aimed to adapt and validate the PHQ-4 in a sample of the Peruvian Quechua-speaking population with its Collao variant from Puno-Peru. Methods: A total of 221 Quechua speakers of the Collao variant (mean age 31.2 years, SD = 11.7, 47.1% male and 52.9% female) participated. Evidence of validity based on internal structure was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability using the internal consistency method, and item difficulty and discrimination characteristics based on Item Response Theory (IRT). Results: The results indicated that all items of the PHQ-4 were relevant, consistent, and clear enough to adequately represent anxiety and depressive symptoms. The CFA results supported a one-factorial model, in which anxiety and depression items form a single latent variable with high reliability. All items of the PHQ-4 had good discrimination parameters, and the difficulty parameters indicated that the items were comparatively difficult. Therefore, a higher presence of the latent trait (anxiety and depression) is needed to answer higher response categories. Discussion: In conclusion, the PHQ-4 presented good psychometric properties as a rapid, reliable, and valid primary screening measure for Quechua speakers in need of in-depth assessment and symptom monitoring for the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depression.

Producción científica en Scopus sobre salud financiera: periodo 2011-2022 / Scientific production in Scopus on financial health: period 2011-2022

Introducción: La salud financiera, determinada en buena parte por el salario, está estrecha-mente relacionada a la salud global del individuo y su familia. Por ello se tuvo como objetivo evaluar la producción científica sobre salud financiera en la base de datos Scopus: periodo 2011 - 2022.Método: Scoping review en la que se analizaron manuscritos publicados en revistas in-dexadas en la base de datos Scopus entre los años 2011 - 2022. Para la búsqueda se utilizó descriptores tales como financial obligations, financial inclusion, family economy, financial education, financial literacy, financial wellness y financial stress, que fueron combinados en el buscador de Scopus junto con los operadores booleanos (AND, OR). Se realizó una sín-tesis narrativa.Resultados: Se incluyeron 6 940 manuscritos, de los cuales el 82,0% eran artículos origi-nales. Se observó un crecimiento constante del número de artículos a lo largo del perio-do de estudio, especialmente a partir de 2016, con un incremento del 860% en 2022 (n = 1429) respecto a 2011 (n=165). Estados Unidos fue el país con mayor producción científica (35,5%). Las revistas con mayor número de publicaciones fueron Sustainability (Suiza) y el Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning (EEUU). Entre los descriptores de mayor impacto se encuentran la inclusión financiera a través del uso de la tecnología, estrés finan-ciero, educación financiera y salud financiera.Conclusiones: La investigación sobre salud financiera ha tenido un aumento significativo. El nuevo conocimiento sobre el tema es impulsado por autores e instituciones de Estados Unidos en su mayoría, y finalmente, se evidencian tendencias de estudio relacionadas a la inclusión y educación financiera (AU)

Introduction: Financial health is related to the overall health of an individual and their family. The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific production on financial health in the Scopus database for the 2011-2022 period.Method: Scoping review of manuscripts published in journals indexed in the Scopus data-base between the years 2011 and 2022. The following search terms were used: "Financial obligations”, “financial inclusion”, “family economy”, “financial education”, “financial literacy”, “financial wellness” and “financial stress", which were entered in the Scopus search engine together with the Boolean operators (AND, OR). Results: A total of 6 940 publications were identified, of which 81.95% were original articles. The United States was the country with the highest scientific production (35.5%). We iden-tified a trend of increasing number of papers during the study period, especially from 2016 onward, with an 860% increase in 2022 (n=1429) with respect to 2011 (n=165). The journals with the highest number of publications were Sustainability (Switzerland) and the Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning (USA). Finally, the key search terms with the greatest yield were “financial inclusion” through the use of technology, “financial stress”, “financial education” and “financial health. Conclusions: Research on financial health has increased significantly. The new knowledge on the subject is mostly driven by authors and institutions from the United States, and final-ly, there is evidence of an increasing trend of pulbications related to financial inclusion and financial education (AU)

Adaptation and validation of the financial stress scale in social conflict contexts: a study conducted with small and medium-sized Peruvian entrepreneurs.

Introduction: Social conflicts have repercussions on the mental health of the economically active population. Objective: To adapt and validate the Financial Stress Scale in the context of social conflicts (ESECPS). Method: An instrumental study involving 2,242 owners of small and medium enterprises (50.9% women), aged between 18 and 74 years old, selected through a non-probabilistic purposive sampling. The participants were recruited across three regions of Peru during periods of protests and strikes against the incumbent Peruvian government. The instrument for adaptation was the financial stress scale EFEmp-Cov19, created in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic's impact. Results: All items proved to be clear, relevant, and representative (V > 0.70). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed the existence of one underlying factor across the 11 items (KMO = 0.962, Bartlett = 5434.3; df = 55; p < 0.001). However, for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), items 4 and 11 were removed, resulting in support for a unidimensional model with 9 items (χ2 = 262.73, df = 23, p < 0.001; RMR = 0.022; TLI = 0.972; CFI = 0.980; and RMSEA = 0.072). Regarding reliability, a very high value was found (ω = 0.92). Conclusion: The ESECPS demonstrates adequate psychometric properties, making it a suitable measure to assess financial stress among Peruvian entrepreneurs facing economic instability and financial threats in the context of social conflicts.

Translation and validation of the satisfaction with life scale in the native Quechua (Collao variant) language of southern Perú.

Research on life satisfaction in indigenous populations is limited due to language barriers. Therefore, this paper aimed to translate and validate the Life Satisfaction Scale into the original Quechua language (collao variant) of southern Peru. The research was classified as instrumental and transversal and was conducted with the voluntary participation of 242 Quechua adults speaking the collao variant. The instrument that was translated was the 5-item SWLS, previously adapted to Peruvian Spanish. The internal structure was analyzed under an analytical-factorial approach, and the discrimination and difficulty of the items were evaluated from the item response theory (IRT). Expert judgment was favorable for all items (V > 0.70), confirming the 1-dimensional structure of the scale (χ2 = 8.972, df = 5, p = .000; CFI = 0.985; TLI = 0.970 and RMSEA = 0.057), with acceptable reliability (ω = 0.65). All the items of the scale presented adequate discrimination indices; in addition, the results of the evaluation of factorial invariance as a function of gender demonstrated configurational equivalence but an absence of metric invariance. In conclusion, the SWLS translated into Collao Quechua (collao variant) has a stable factorial structure and adequate internal consistency, although it was not possible to completely demonstrate the invariance by gender, it can be used for initial investigations to measure satisfaction with life of the Quechua-speaking indigenous population of southern Peru.

[Psychometric properties of the recovery experience scale in Peruvian salaried workers]. / Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de experiencias de recuperación en trabajadores dependientes peruanos.

INTRODUCTION: After facing a health crisis, it is important for workers to develop recovery experiences; therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the recovery experience scale in Peruvian salaried workers. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of 462 salaried workers of both sexes, between 20 and 66 years of age, from the three regions of Peru, who participated voluntarily. The participants were recruited from companies in the financial, tourism, education, health and telecommunications sectors. The survey instrument was the recovery experience scale, which had been previously validated for Peruvian teachers. The internal structure was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha (?) coefficient and convergent validity through Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit for the original four-factor structure (x2= 141.782, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.981, RMSEA = 0.065 and SRMR = 0.035). The resulting factor loadings were between 0.71 and 0.90 and the internal consistency ? between 0.81 and 0.92. With respect to convergent validity, direct and significant correlations were found between the recovery experience dimensions and the general well-being scale (r= 0.126 to r=0.287). CONCLUSIONS: The recovery experience scale demonstrates validity, based on internal structure, reliability and convergent validity, and can be used in the occupational health management of Peruvian salaried workers.

OBJETIVO: analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de experiencias de recuperación en trabajadores dependientes (asalariados) peruanos. Método: estudio transversal donde participaron voluntariamente 462 trabajadores dependientes de ambos sexos, de entre 20 a 66 años de edad, de las tres regiones del Perú. Los participantes fueron reclutados de empresas del sector financiero, turismo, educación, salud y telecomunicaciones. El instrumento objeto de validación fue la escala de experiencias de recuperación validada para profesores peruanos. Se analizó la estructura interna mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio, la consistencia interna con el coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach y la validez convergente a través del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. RESULTADOS: el análisis factorial confirmatorio reportó un ajuste adecuado para la estructura original de cuatro factores (x2= 141.782., p < 0,001, CFI = 0,981, RMSEA = 0,065. y SRMR = 0,035). Las cargas factoriales resultantes se encuentran entre 0,71 y 0,90 y la consistencia interna ? entre 0,81 y 0,92. Con respecto a la validez convergente, se hallaron correlaciones directas y significativas entre las dimensiones de experiencias de recuperación y la escala de bienestar general (r= 0,126 a r=0,287). CONCLUSIONES: la escala de experiencias de recuperación demuestra validez basada en la estructura interna, fiabilidad y validez convergente, y puede ser aplicada en la gestión de la salud ocupacional para trabajadores dependientes peruanos.

Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de experiencias de recuperación en trabajadores dependientes peruanos / Psychometric properties of the recovery experience scale in Peruvian salaried workers

Objetivo: analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de experiencias de recupera-ción en trabajadores dependientes (asalariados) peruanos.Método: estudio transversal donde participaron voluntariamente 462 trabajadores depen-dientes de ambos sexos, de entre 20 a 66 años de edad, de las tres regiones del Perú. Los participantes fueron reclutados de empresas del sector financiero, turismo, educación, salud y telecomunicaciones. El instrumento objeto de validación fue la escala de experien-cias de recuperación validada para profesores peruanos. Se analizó la estructura interna mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio, la consistencia interna con el coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach y la validez convergente a través del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson.Resultados: el análisis factorial confirmatorio reportó un ajuste adecuado para la estructura original de cuatro factores (x2= 141.782., p < 0,001, CFI = 0,981, RMSEA = 0,065. y SRMR = 0,035). Las cargas factoriales resultantes se encuentran entre 0,71 y 0,90 y la consistencia interna α entre 0,81 y 0,92. Con respecto a la validez convergente, se hallaron correlaciones directas y significativas entre las dimensiones de experiencias de recuperación y la escala de bienestar general (r= 0,126 a r=0,287).Conclusiones: la escala de experiencias de recuperación demuestra validez basada en la estructura interna, fiabilidad y validez convergente, y puede ser aplicada en la gestión de la salud ocupacional para trabajadores dependientes peruanos (AU)

Introduction: After facing a health crisis, it is important for workers to develop recovery ex-periences; therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the recovery experience scale in Peruvian salaried workers.Method: A cross-sectional study of 462 salaried workers of both sexes, between 20 and 66 years of age, from the three regions of Peru, who participated voluntarily. The partici-pants were recruited from companies in the financial, tourism, education, health and tele-communications sectors. The survey instrument was the recovery experience scale, which had been previously validated for Peruvian teachers. The internal structure was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficient and convergent validity through Pearson's correlation coefficient.Results: The confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit for the original four-factor structure (x2= 141.782, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.981, RMSEA = 0.065 and SRMR = 0.035). The re-sulting factor loadings were between 0.71 and 0.90 and the internal consistency α between 0.81 and 0.92. With respect to convergent validity, direct and significant correlations were found between the recovery experience dimensions and the general well-being scale (r= 0.126 to r=0.287). Conclusions: The recovery experience scale demonstrates validity, based on internal struc-ture, reliability and convergent validity, and can be used in the occupational health manage-ment of Peruvian salaried workers (AU)

Translation and validation of the WHO-5 General well-being index into native language Quechua of the Peruvian South.

To translate and validate the WHO-5 General Well-being Index for the people of the Peruvian South, a cross-sectional instrumental study was carried out with the voluntary participation of 186 people of both sexes between the ages of 18 and 65 years (M = 29.67 years old; SD = 10.94) living in the south region of Peru. The validity evidence was assessed based on the content using Aiken's coefficient V according to the internal structure through a confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The expert judgment was favorable for all items (V > 0.70). The unidimensional structure of the scale was confirmed (χ2 = 10.86, df = 5, p = 0.05; RMR = 0.020; GFI = 0.980; CFI = 0.990; TLI = 0.980 y RMSEA = 0.080), and it presents a suitable reliability range (α = > 0.75). This shows that the WHO-5 General Well-being Index for the people of the Peruvian South is a valid and reliable scale.

Effect of religious fatalism and concern about new variants on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines.

Introduction: To protect public health, it is important that the population be vaccinated against COVID-19; however, certain factors can affect vaccine acceptance. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether religious fatalism and concern about new variants have a significant effect on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines. Methodology: An explanatory study was conducted with 403 adults of legal age captured through non-probabilistic convenience sampling in vaccination centers in the 13 health networks of the Regional Health Directorate of Puno, Peru. Data were collected through a brief scale of religious fatalism, a scale of acceptance of vaccines against COVID-19 and a scale of concern about a new variant of COVID-19. Results: The proposed model obtained an adequate fit. There was a negative effect of religious fatalism on vaccine acceptance, a positive effect of fatalism on vaccine rejection, a positive effect of concern about new variants on the acceptance of vaccines, and a positive effect of concern about new variants on vaccine rejection. Conclusion: These findings provide evidence for the usefulness of considering both religious fatalism and concern about new variants affect the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine in adults in southern Peru.

Revalidación de la Escala de Fatalismo Religioso ante la COVID-19 en adultos de Latinoamérica / Revalidation of the Religious Fatalism Scale before COVID-19 in Adults from Latin America

Introducción: Algunas creencias religiosas conflictivas se han convertido en una amenaza para la salud pública en América Latina en tiempos de COVID-19. Objetivo: Revalidar una Escala de Fatalismo Religioso ante el COVID-19 en adultos de Latinoamérica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio instrumental. Bajo un muestreo no probabilístico intencional participaron 6206 adultos, 60,1 por ciento mujeres de entre 18 a 60 años de edad (Media = 35,11; Desviación estándar = 9,59) de 14 países de Latinoamérica. El instrumento objeto de revalidación fue la Escala Modificada de Fatalismo Religioso ante la COVID-19 para adultos peruanos, la cual está compuesta por nueve ítems y cinco opciones de respuesta en formato Likert. La validez de contenido se analizó mediante el V de Aiken, la estructura interna a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio y la confiabilidad con el Alpha de Cronbach. Resultados: Todos los ítems obtuvieron una evaluación favorable (V > 0,70). En el análisis factorial confirmatorio, la falta de ajuste se mejoró con la técnica de modificación de índices, que orientó a eliminar los ítems 2, 7 y 8; de este modo se obtuvieron índices de bondad de ajuste satisfactorios, lo cual avala un modelo unidimensional conformado por 6 ítems. Por último, la confiabilidad fue aceptable (α = 0,89; IC 95 por ciento = 0,88-0,89). Conclusiones: La Escala de Fatalismo Religioso ante la COVID-19 es una medida breve que demuestra evidencias de validez y confiabilidad; por lo tanto, puede ser aplicada en investigaciones a nivel de Latinoamérica(AU)

Introduction: Some conflictive religious beliefs have become a threat to public health in Latin America in times of COVID-19. Objective: To revalidate a religious fatalism scale before COVID-19 in adults from Latin America. Methods: An instrumental study was conducted. Under a nonprobabilistic purposive sampling, 6206 adults participated, 60.1 percent of which were women aged 18-60 years (mean: 35.11; standard deviation: 9.59) from 14 Latin-American countries. The instrument to be revalidated was the modified religious fatalism scale before COVID-19 for Peruvian adults, which is made up of nine items and five response choices in Likert format. Content validity was analyzed using Aiken's V; internal structure, through confirmatory factor analysis; and reliability, with Cronbach's Alpha. Results: All the items obtained a favorable evaluation (V > 0.70). Concerning the confirmatory factor analysis, the lack of fit was improved with the index modification technique, which led to eliminating items 2, 7 and 8; thus, satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices were obtained, which supports a unidimensional model made up of 6 items. Finally, reliability was acceptable (α= 0.89; 95 percent CI: 0.88-0.89). Conclusions: The religious fatalism scale before COVID-19 is a brief measure that shows validity and reliability evidences; therefore, it can be applied in research at the Latin-American level(AU)

Estrés financiero según la percepción de poder perder el trabajo en el Perú durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Financial stress as perceived job loss potential in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: La pandemia COVID-19 ha ocasionado inseguridad en muchos aspectos, principalmente ante la posibilidad de perder el trabajo. Objetivo: Determinar si el estrés financiero estuvo asociado a la percepción de poder perder el trabajo en el Perú durante la pandemia COVID-19. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, donde participaron 507 encuestados. La variable principal se obtuvo de una encuesta validada que medía la inseguridad laboral, esta se cruzó versus el estrés financiero y otras variables socio-laborales. Resultados: En el análisis multivariado, los que tenían estrés financiero tuvieron mayor inseguridad laboral (RPa: 2,46; IC95%: 2,20-2,75; valor p<0,001), por otra parte, a menor edad hubo mayor inseguridad laboral (RPa: 0,992; IC95%: 0,985-0,999; valor p=0,024), ajustado por el estado civil y el tipo de trabajo. Conclusión: Se confirma la fuerte asociación entre el estrés financiero y la inseguridad laboral. Este hallazgo puede repercutir en la salud ocupacional de los trabajadores, generando un inadecuado ambiente en el trabajo. (AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused insecurity in many aspects, mainly because of the possibility of losing one's job. Objective: To determine whether financial stress was associated with the perception of losing one's job in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, in which 507 respondents participated. The main variable was obtained from a validated survey measuring job insecurity, which was crossed with financial stress and other socio-labor variables. Results: In the multivariate analysis, those with financial stress had greater job insecurity (RPa: 2.46; 95%CI: 2.20-2.75; p-value<0.001), while the younger the age, the greater the job insecurity (RPa: 0.992; 95%CI: 0.985-0.999; p-value=0.024), adjusted for marital status and type of work. Conclusion: The strong association between financial stress and job insecurity is confirmed. This finding may have repercussions on the occupational health of workers, generating an inadequate work environment. (AU)

Producción latinoamericana sobre investigación formativa en Scopus / Latin American production on formative research in Scopus

Introducción: La producción científica latinoamericana aún no es la esperada. Por ello tiene importancia analizar la actividad científica sobre investigación formativa en esta parte del mundo. Objetivo: Evaluar la producción latinoamericana sobre investigación formativa en Scopus en el período 2010-2020. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Las unidades de análisis fueron publicaciones sobre investigación formativa en revistas indizadas en la base de datos Scopus durante 2010-2020, y cuya autoría hacía mención a filiaciones de entidades latinoamericanas. Resultados: Se encontró un total de 120 artículos publicados con autoría a afiliaciones de instituciones latinoamericanas. Colombia es el país que contribuye con mayor producción científica sobre este tema, seguido por México, Perú y Brasil, que sobrepasan el 10 por ciento de la producción latinoamericana. En cuanto a la productividad por institución, 83 instituciones internacionales han participado en la producción latinoamericana sobre investigación formativa, entre los que destacan instituciones de México, Perú y Colombia con 4 y más artículos publicados. Conclusiones: La producción latinoamericana sobre investigación formativa entre 2010 y 2020 fue de 120 artículos en revistas indizadas en Scopus, con un porcentaje mayoritario de artículos de investigación, procedentes de Colombia, México y Perú. La institución con más producción resultó el Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México, y como las revistas con mayor cantidad de artículos aparecieron Q1 y Q2, con presencia de autores peruanos, brasileros y mexicanos(AU)

Introduction: Latin American scientific production is not yet as expected. Therefore, it is important to analyze the scientific activity on formative research in this part of the world. Objective: To evaluate the Latin American production on formative research in Scopus in the period 2010-2020. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study. The units of analysis were publications on formative research in journals indexed in the Scopus database during 2010-2020, and whose authorship mentioned affiliations with Latin American institutions. Results: A total of 120 published articles were found with authorship to affiliations of Latin American institutions. Colombia is the country that contributes with the highest scientific production on this subject, followed by Mexico, Peru and Brazil, which exceed 10 percent of the Latin American production. In terms of productivity by institution, 83 international institutions have participated in the Latin American production on formative research, among which institutions from Mexico, Peru and Colombia stand out with 4 or more published articles. Conclusions: The Latin American production on formative research between 2010 and 2020 was 120 articles in journals indexed in Scopus, with a majority percentage of research articles, coming from Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The institution with the highest production was the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, and the journals with the highest number of articles were Q1 and Q2, with the presence of Peruvian, Brazilian and Mexican authors(AU)

Anxiety and depression as predictors of life satisfaction during pre-professional health internships in COVID-19 times: the mediating role of psychological well-being.

Due to the emotional impact of COVID-19 on university students, the goal was to explore the relationship between anxiety, depression, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction among pre-professional interns. The research was carried out using an explanatory cross-sectional design, with the participation of 1011 pre-professional interns of 13 health networks from the department of Puno (Peru). Data were collected using the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2, Patient Health Questionnaire 2, and the Psychological Wellbeing Scale. The main data analysis was carried out using the R statistical software, and implementing the confirmatory factor analysis technique, which evidenced that the explanatory model provides an acceptable value. Based on the above, a negative relationship between depression and life satisfaction, (ß = -.60, p < .001) and a positive relationship between anxiety and life satisfaction (ß = .28, p < .001) was shown, in addition to a mediating effect of the psychological wellbeing related to depression and life satisfaction (p < .001). In conclusion, life satisfaction is explained concerning the degree of depression and anxiety, as well as the moderating effect of psychological well-being. Despite that, there is an urgent need to take preventive actions to strengthen the mental health of the pre-professional health interns, who have also been providing support during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Diseño y validación de una escala de autoeficacia en la evaluación de tesis de grado en ciencias de la salud

Introducción. Las tesis de grado requieren de una adecuada evaluación para asegurar la calidad metodológica y su potencial publicable. Objetivos. Diseñar y validar una escala de autoeficacia en la evaluación de tesis de grado en jurados dictaminadores de ciencias de la salud (EAE-Te). Métodos. Estudio instrumental y transversal, donde participaron 221 jurados de tesis de grado de medicina, odontología, enfermería, nutrición y psicología, quienes laboran en instituciones privadas y estatales de las tres regiones del Perú. La escala se diseñó en base a indicadores teóricos hallados en la literatura científica, teniendo como primera versión 16 ítems. La validez basada en el contenido se evaluó con el coeficiente V de Aiken, la validez de constructo con el análisis factorial exploratorio y la confiabilidad con el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza. Resultados. Los valores V de Aiken fueron favorables para todos los ítems. El análisis factorial exploratorio evidenció un modelo unidimensional con 13 ítems (KMO = 0,868; Bartlett = 2302.1; gl = 66; p < 0,001), donde el factor alcanzado explica el 60,99% de la varianza total de la escala y sus cargas factoriales oscilan entre 0,605 y 0,872; finalmente, la confiabilidad fue aceptable (α = 0,943; IC95% = 0,92-0,95). Conclusiones. La EAE-Te es una medida unidimensional y demuestra evidencias psicométricas iniciales de validez basada en el contenido, de estructura interna y fiabilidad; por tanto, puede aplicarse para evaluar el nivel de autoeficacia de los jurados para evaluar tesis de grado.

Introduction. Graduate theses require adequate evaluation to ensure their methodological quality and publishable potential. Objectives. To design and validate a scale of self-efficacy in the evaluation of graduate theses in health sciences jurors (EAE-Te). Methods. Instrumental and cross-sectional study, with the participation of 221 medical, dental, nursing, nutrition and psychology graduate thesis jurors who work in private and state institutions in the three regions of Peru. The scale was designed based on theoretical indicators found in the scientific literature, with a first version of 16 items. Content-based validity was evaluated with Aiken's V coefficient, construct validity with Exploratory Factor Analysis and reliability with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and their respective confidence intervals. Results. Aiken's V values were favorable for all items. The exploratory factor analysis evidenced a unidimensional model with 13 items (KMO = 0.868; Bartlett = 2302.1; gl = 66; p < 0.001), where the factor reached explains 60.99% of the total variance of the scale and its factor loadings range between 0.605 and 0.872; finally, reliability was acceptable (α = 0.943; 95%CI = 0.92-0.95). Conclusions. The SEA-Te is a unidimensional measure and demonstrates initial psychometric evidence of content-based validity, internal structure and reliability; therefore, it can be applied to assess the level of jurors' self-efficacy to evaluate graduate theses.

Factores asociados a preocupación y miedo durante la COVID-19 en practicantes preprofesionales de salud

RESUMEN Introducción: Los practicantes preprofesionales de la salud también fueron afectados mentalmente por la COVID-19. Objetivos: Determinar los factores asociados a tener más preocupación y miedo durante la COVID-19 en practicantes preprofesionales de la salud peruanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal con métodos analíticos; participaron 285 estudiantes de diferentes carreras de la salud del sur del Perú; les fueron aplicados 2 test validados localmente, a los resultados se les cruzó con diversas variables socio-educativas. Resultados: Las principales preocupaciones fueron: no podían evitar preocuparse a pesar de las medidas tomadas, incertidumbre por ser una enfermedad impredecible, que su centro laboral tiene muchos riesgos y la percepción de que su capacidad laboral fuera afectada por ser contagiado. Los principales miedos fueron: percepción de que el corazón se aceleraba o que las manos le suden. Quienes se encontraban en algún establecimiento I-3 (sin internamiento) tenían menos preocupación que los de otros (RPa: 0,56; IC 95 %: 0,43-0,72; valor p< 0,001), ajustado por el sexo y la carrera de estudios. A mayor edad había más miedo (RPa: 1,76; IC 95 %: 1,46-2,11; valor p< 0,001), ajustado por 4 variables. Conclusiones: Los practicantes evidenciaron preocupación en relación a lo impredecible que es la enfermedad, riesgos laborales y el poder ser contagiado; además, miedo que causó una aceleración cardiaca muy fuerte y sudor en las manos. Asociado a la preocupación estuvo el nivel del establecimiento de la salud en donde laboraban y asociado al miedo, la edad de los encuestados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Preprofessional health care practitioners were also mentally affected by COVID-19. Objectives: To determine the factors associated with having more worry and fear during COVID-19 in Peruvian pre-professional health care practitioners. Methods: Cross-sectional study with analytical methods, with the participation of 285 students from different health careers in southern Peru, to whom 2 locally validated tests were applied and crossed with different socio-educational variables. Results: The main concerns were that they could not help worrying despite the measures taken, the uncertainty of being an unpredictable disease, the fact that their workplace has many risks and the perception that their ability to work would be affected by being infected. The main fears were the perception that their heart was racing or that their hands were sweating. Those who were in an I-3 facility (without hospitalization) were less worried than those in other facilities (RPa: 0.56; 95 % CI: 0.43-0.72; p-value< 0.001), adjusted for sex and educational career. In addition, the older the age, the more fear (RPa: 1.76; 95 % CI: 1.46-2.11; p-value< 0.001), adjusted for 4 variables. Conclusions: The practitioners showed concern in relation to the unpredictability of the disease, occupational hazards and the fact that they could be infected; in addition, fear that caused a very strong cardiac acceleration and sweating in the hands. Associated with the concern was the level of the health facility where they worked. Associated with fear was the age of the respondents.

Producción Científica de los Asesores de Tesis de las Facultades de Medicina Humana en el Perú

Resumen Objetivos: describir la producción científica de los asesores de tesis de las facultades de medicina humana en el Perú. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, incluyendo a 806 asesores de tesis de pregrado de medicina de las tres regiones del Perú: costa, sierra y selva. Esta cantidad fue producto de una búsqueda de tesis en repositorios de 29 facultades de medicina humana. De cada una de ellas se obtuvo el nombre de los asesores, se buscó su producción y características en la base Scopus y el buscador Google Académico. Resultados: del total de asesores evaluados, solo 4 y 2 universidades tuvieron a la mitad o más de sus asesores que publicaron en Scopus o en Google Académico, respectivamente. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas según la cantidad de publicaciones (valores p < 0,046 en todos los casos) y H índex (valores p < 0,030 en todos los casos) según el grado académico. También se encontró diferencias estadísticas según si publicaron (valores p < 0,001 en todos los casos) y H índex (valores p<0,05 en todos los casos) según el grado académico y la profesión del asesor. Hubo diferencias de la cantidad de publicaciones según el tener el grado de doctor. Conclusiones: fueron pocas las universidades que tuvieron asesores de tesis con producción científica.

Abstract Objectives: to describe the scientific production of thesis advisors of human medicine faculties in Peru. Methods: a descriptive and crosssectional study was carried out, including 806 undergraduate medical thesis advisors from the three regions of Peru: coast, highlands and jungle. This amount was the result of a search for theses in the repositories of 29 faculties of human medicine. For each one of them, the name of the advisors was obtained, their production and characteristics were searched in the Scopus database and the Google Academic search engine. Results: of the total number of advisors evaluated, only 4 and 2 universities had half or more of their advisors publishing in Scopus or Google Scholar, respectively. There were statistically significant differences according to the number of publications (p-values < 0.046 in all cases) and H-index (p-values < 0.030 in all cases) according to academic degree. Statistical differences were also found according to whether they published (p-values < 0.001 in all cases) and H-index (p-values < 0.05 in all cases) according to academic degree and profession of the advisor. There were differences in the number of publications depending on whether the advisor had a doctoral degree . Conclusions: few universities had thesis advisors with scientific production.

Escala de estrés financiero (EFEmp-Cov19): evidencias iniciales de validez y confiabilidad en pequeños y medianos empresarios peruanos / Financial stress scale (EFEmp-Cov19): initial evidence of validity and reliability in small and medium Peruvian entrepreneurs

Objetivo: Diseñar y validar una escala de estrés financiero a causa del impacto de la COVID-19 para empresarios peruanos. Material y Métodos: Estudio instrumental y transversal, realizado en 278 pequeños y medianos empresarios peruanos. El instrumento se diseñó tomando indicadores hallados en la literatura científica. Resultados: Los ítems demuestran indicadores V Aiken con valores > 0,70. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se justifica, con un KMO (0,853) y Bartlett (3459,6; gl = 55; p < 0,001). Producto de los análisis robustos (X2 = 125,436; p < 0,001; TLI = 0,957; CFI = 0,965 y GFI = 0,986); se halló un solo factor, que explica el 68,21% de la varianza total de la prueba y sus cargas factoriales oscilan entre 0,673 y 0,920, además, la confiabilidad es muy aceptable; α = 0,952 (IC95% = 0,93-0,96). Conclusión: La escala demuestra ser válida y confiable para medir el estrés financiero en empresarios peruanos (AU)

Objective: To design and validate a scale of financial stress due to the impact of COVID-19 for Peruvian entrepreneurs. Material and Methods: Instrumental and cross-sectional study, carried out in 278 small and medium Peruvian entrepreneurs. The instrument was designed taking indicators found in the scientific literature. Results: The items show Aiken V indicators with values > 0,70. The Exploratory Factor Analysis was justified, with a KMO (0.853) and Bartlett (3459.6; gl = 55; p < 0.001). Product of the robust analyses (X2 = 125.436; p < 0.001; TLI = 0.957; CFI = 0.965 and GFI = 0.986); a single factor was found that explains 68.21% of the total variance of the test and its factor loadings range between 0.673 and 0.920, in addition, the reliability is very acceptable; α = 0.952 (CI95% = 0.93-0.96). Conclusion: The scale proves to be valid and reliable for measuring financial stress in Peruvian entrepreneurs (AU)

Factores asociados al maltrato hacia los tesistas de ciencias de la salud en el Perú

RESUMEN Introducción: El maltrato académico es común en el Perú, pero no se ha investigado si ocurre durante la elaboración de la tesis. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la percepción del maltrato hacia los tesistas por parte de asesores, jurados y administrativos de ciencias de la salud peruanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal basado en una encuesta validada previamente en el Perú y que midió la percepción de maltrato general por parte de asesores, jurados y personal administrativo; a la cual se le asoció las características de la población. Resultados: De los 426 encuestados, los maltratos más comunes fueron debido a que los asesores (8,5 %) y los jurados (9,9 %) les obligaban siempre a hacer lo que ellos querían, además, la universidad no daba las facilidades (17,6 %). Estuvo asociado a la percepción de un maltrato general, el estudiar medicina (p= 0,030), enfermería (p= 0,041), obstetricia (p= 0,003) y residir en la sierra (p< 0,001), ajustado por la edad. Se asoció a la percepción de maltrato por parte del asesor, la edad (p= 0,024) y residir en la sierra (p< 0,001), ajustado por el tipo de universidad. Se asoció a la percepción de maltrato por parte de los jurados, el residir en la sierra (p< 0,001), ajustado por el tipo de universidad y la carrera universitaria. Conclusión: Existen manifestaciones intencionales de poder e imposición de criterios por parte de asesores, jurados y administrativos hacia los tesistas, demostrando que este fenómeno es recurrente en la educación superior en el Perú.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Academic mistreatment is common in Peru, but it has not been investigated if it happens during the elaboration of the thesis. Objective: Determine the factors associated with the perception of mistreatment towards thesis students by Peruvian health sciences advisers, juries and administrators. Methods: Cross-sectional and analytic study based on a survey previously validated in Peru and that it measured the perception of general mistreatment on the part of advisory, juries and administrative personnel; to which was associated the population's characteristics. Results: Of the 426 surveyed, the commonest mistreated were because the advisers (8.5 %) and the juries (9.9 %) always forced them to make what they wanted, also, the university didn't give the facilities (17.6 %). Studying medicine (p= 0.030), nursing (p= 0.041), obstetrics (p= 0.003) and to reside in the mountain (p< 0.001) were factors associated to the perception of a general mistreatment, adjusted by the age. The age (p= 0.024) and to reside in the mountain (p< 0.001) were factors associated to the mistreatment perception on the part of the adviser, adjusted by the university type. Residing in the mountain (p< 0.001) was a factor associated to the mistreated perception on the part of the juries, adjusted by the university type and the university career. Conclusion: There are intentional manifestations of power and imposition of opinions on the part of advisory, juries and administrative toward thesis students, showing that this phenomenon is recurrent in the higher education in Peru.

Estrés financiero y miedo a la COVID-19 como predictores del malestar psicológico en pequeños y medianos empresarios peruanos / Financial stress and fear of COVID-19 as predictors of psychological distress in small and medium-sized Peruvian entrepreneurs

Objetivo: Determinar si el estrés financiero y miedo a la COVID-19 son predictores del malestar psicológico en pequeños y medianos empresarios peruanos. Material y Métodos: Estudio predictivo y transversal, donde participaron voluntariamente 305 empresarios peruanos de sectores como educación, transporte, infraestructura, comercio, alimentos, automotriz y turismo. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de una escala de estrés financiero, escala de miedo a la COVID-19 y escala de malestar psicológico. Resultados: Los resultados del análisis de regresión múltiple muestran un ajuste adecuado del modelo (Prueba F = 168,842, p < 0,001), donde el estrés financiero (β = 0,48, p < 0,01) y miedo a la COVID-19 (β = 0,31, p < 0,01) son variables que predicen significativamente el malestar psicológico (R2 ajustado = 0,52). Conclusión: el estrés financiero y miedo por la COVID-19 son predictores del malestar psicológico en pequeños y medianos empresarios peruanos (AU)

Objective: To determine whether financial stress and fear of COVID-19 are predictors of psychological distress in small and medium Peruvian entrepreneurs. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, predictive study in which 305 Peruvian entrepreneurs from sectors such as education, transportation, infrastructure, commerce, food, automotive and tourism voluntarily participated. Data were collected through a scale of financial stress, a scale of fear of COVID-19 and a scale of psychological distress. Results: The results of the multiple regression analysis show an adequate model fit (F-test = 168,842, p < 0,001), where financial stress (β = 0,48, p < 0,01) and fear of COVID-19 (β = 0,31, p < 0,01), are variables that significantly predict psychological distress (adjusted R2 = 0,52). Conclusion: financial stress and fear by COVID-19 are predictors of psychological distress in small and medium Peruvian entrepreneurs (AU)